Webvet Pet Health Feed

Webvet Pet Health Feed http://www.webvet.com/main/showArticles/page/7 This feed contains articles about Pet Health en-us Copyright 2009 Webvet, LLC 2009-11-20T16:20-05:00 advertise@webvet.com advertise@webvet.com Pet Health hourly Treating fractures in cats and dogs http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2122 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2122">Treating fractures in cats and dogs</a><br /><p><a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=211&med=1" target="_blank">Fractures</a> in dogs and cats are most often caused by trauma, such as being hit by a car or jumping or falling from a height.  Fractures can also be caused by aggressive <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=15&med=1" target="_blank">cancer</a> that destroys the bone or by certain metabolic conditions that leach calcium from bone.</p><h4>Bones</h4><p>Bones provide a rigid structure to the body and act as the levers that turn muscle movement into motion [link to dog and cat skeletons].  The term “bone” makes most people think of the bones in the limbs, such as the femur (thigh), tibia (shin), radius (forearm), and humerus (upper arm).  However, the ribs, spinal vertebrae, hips, shoulder, and skull are also made of bone.  In dogs and cats, the spinal vertebrae extend all the way down into the tip of the tail.  Male dogs also have a bone in the penis.</p><p>Bones consist of an outer, hard portion known as the cortex and an inner, spongy portion known as the marrow.  The outside surface of the cortex is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the periosteum, which contains blood vessels and nerves [link to cross-sectional diagram of bone].  The periosteum also contains immature cells that grow into the osteoblasts, which are the cells involved in growth of bone and fracture repair.</p><p>In young animals, plates or layers of osteoblasts are found near the ends of bones, from which new bone grows as the animal matures.  Damage to these developing plates can stunt bone growth and lead to deformed limbs.</p><h4>Fractures</h4><p>Bones contain large amounts of calcium, which makes them hard and resilient, but unfortunately also breakable.  The complexity and severity of a fracture depends on the force of the impact, the location of the injury, and the general age and health of the individual dog or cat [link to sketches of the different types of fractures].</p><p>Hairline fractures: The simplest types of fractures produce fine cracks near the middle of long bones, such as those in the legs.  These hairline fractures cause little or no displacement of the bone, much like cracks in a windshield.</p><p>Multiple-piece fractures and fractures that involve a joint: Stronger impacts can cause the edges of the fractured pieces of the bone to separate, or the bone may shatter into multiple pieces, making repair more difficult.  Fractures that involve a joint are even more serious.  These types of fractures can interfere with movement and lead to arthritis long after the bone has healed.</p><p>Open or compound fractures: Fractures in which the bone is exposed are called “open” or “compound” factures.  In these serious fractures, jagged edges of the bone can pierce surrounding tissues and damage muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.  In addition, because the bone is exposed to the outside environment, these types of fractures are often contaminated and serious infections that are difficult to resolve can develop.</p><h4>Transporting your pet to the veterinarian</h4><p>If you suspect your pet has a fracture, try to minimize movement of the affected leg while you transport your pet to your veterinarian.  If any of the bone is exposed, cover it with a damp, clean towel to protect the area.  Damage to the periosteum caused by the fracture is very painful, so take care while moving your pet—any animal may bite when in pain or frightened.</p><h4>Diagnosis</h4><p>Your vet will begin evaluating the fracture and perform a complete physical examination to check for any additional injuries.  X-rays will be needed to assess the fracture more thoroughly and to consider how best to stabilize and repair it.</p><h4>Treatment</h4><p>Depending on the specific nature of the fracture, your vet may recommend external stabilization or internal fixation.  The objective of all procedures is to bring the pieces of bone into the correct alignment and to hold them firmly in place (ie, no movement) so that healing can occur.</p><p>External stabilization consists of traditional splints, casts, and padded bandages that can be used to immobilize minor or simple fractures (eg, hairline fractures).  Internal fixation involves surgical procedures to piece the fracture together while your pet is under anesthesia.  The simplest type of internal fixation consists of inserting a metal pin lengthwise into the center of the bone, so that the pin can act as an internal splint.  This type of internal fixation can work well for a small pet that has a simple fracture in the middle of a long bone, such as the femur, or thigh bone.  In fractures that have multiple bone pieces or involve a joint, internal fixation is more complicated; the pieces need to be replaced manually and held in place with metal plates, pins, screws, and/or wire.  Because this type of surgery requires specialized skills, your vet may refer you to an orthopedic specialist.</p><h4>Healing and recovery</h4><p>Fractures heal from the outside in.  Blood vessels in the periosteum produce a fibrous capsule called a callus. The callus surrounds the outside of the fracture to hold the damaged bone in place while it heals.  Specialized cells called osteoblasts then enter the fracture site to produce new bone that toughens the mend.</p><p>Healing occurs at varying rates depending on the age of the pet, the type of fracture and severity of the damage, and the type of fixation.  For example, young puppies generally heal within a few weeks, while healing can take several months in older dogs.  It is important to limit your pet’s activity during the healing process, so that the bones stay aligned and heal together properly.  Too much activity can refracture the bone, delay healing, or lead to a deformed limb from stress on the weakened bone.  While your pet is convalescing, your vet may recommend x-rays at various time intervals to gauge how healing is progressing and when your pet can return to full function.</p><br />By Susan E. Aiello, DVM, ELS and John A. Bukowski, DVM, MPH, PhD By Susan E. Aiello, DVM, ELS and John A. Bukowski, DVM, MPH, PhD Pet Health Exercise for your cat http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=1464 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=1464">Exercise for your cat</a><br /><p>Eliminating <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article/id/1396/med/0" target="_blank" title="Obesity in cats, the 'fat cat epidemic'">obesity in cats</a> goes beyond diet. It also involves getting cats to exercise and stop being cat potatoes. In addition to getting your cat to exercise, it's also important to enrich your cat's environment -- that means shifting the focus from <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article/id/1397/med/0" target="_blank" title="Treating and preventing feline obesity">feeding time</a> to play time.</p><p>Colleen Currigan, DVM, of the Cat Hospital of Chicago, suggests employing "environmental enrichment'' techniques. Environmental enrichment provides cats with interesting, stimulating surroundings and activities, and is a win-win situation for cats - it gets them moving, plus it adds new stimulation to their lives, which can help take some of the focus away from the food bowl. </p><p>Currigan said owners should:</p><ul><li>Play with their cats. "All animals love to play,'' she said. "Playtime is fun for cats, and it's excellent bonding time with owners for them. It's attention without food, and it's fun and stimulating for them.''</li><li>Offer a variety of toys and switch them around. "To keep your cat from getting bored with them, don't leave the toys out all the time, and regularly alternate the ones your kitty is allowed to play with,'' Currigan said. </li></ul><ul><li>Use food as a toy. Currigan said owners also could feed their cats by putting dry food in a treat ball. The cat has to move the ball to get to the food. Some veterinarians also suggest moving the food bowl around to different locations -- or splitting the food among several bowls in different locations. </li></ul><h4>Playing with your food</h4><p>Currigan said she personally gets her cats exercising by taking a portion of each cat's dry food meal and "playing'' with it, and her cats love it. For example, she'll toss pieces of dry food in different directions or down a long hallway for her cats to chase. </p><p>"They love to run after and pounce on those pieces of dry food, and one of them routinely jumps in the air and goes after them,'' she said. "They actually treat those little pieces of food like prey.''</p><p>Currigan initially started this to get her cats moving a bit more -- but it turns out that not only do they move more, but they also look forward to the game. She has started doing the same thing at night with one of the hospital cats, Bella, who is chubby.</p><h4>Award "beggars'' with attention, not food</h4><p>For cats that beg for food, Currigan suggests that owners reward them with attention -- either in the form of play, or brushing and combing, rather than with food. </p><p>"I truly think that for many of our cats, the highlight of their day is when they are fed -- that's when they get the most attention,'' she said. "If we can shift that focus and make an effort to play with our cats, the cats will have a more enriched, stimulating environment, they will be less likely to suffer from the stress of boredom, and they will be less likely to become overweight. They will have stimulating highlights to their day as well as having their basic needs met.''</p><p>. </p><br />By Howard Wolinsky for WebVet By Howard Wolinsky for WebVet Pet Health Preparing your pet for winter http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2112 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2112">Preparing your pet for winter</a><br /><p>Getting your cat or dog ready for winter is crucial as colder weather approaches. Is a leopard-print parka the right choice for your dog this winter? Maybe not the most important decision you will have to make concerning your dog, but as the temperature drops, we do need to prepare our pets for the season. Keep these tips in mind when getting your pet ready to brave the elements. </p><p>Dogs and cats rely on us for safety, health, and companionship. Providing these basic needs is always paramount for our pets, but even more so in winter. And although some dogs are better suited for the elements because of breed characteristics, extra precaution should be taken with all pets during the cold weather season. </p><p>“It’s essential to think about temperature when it comes to our pets,” said Adam Goldfarb, an issues specialist for the Humane Society of the United States. “Most pet owners use common sense, but some ignore important details when it comes to caring for their pets in winter.” </p><h4>The basics</h4><p>Keeping your pets indoors whenever possible is the easiest measure to take to ensure their safety in winter. Not only is an indoor environment safer for dogs and cats, but it can also enhance their mental state, as well.</p><p>“Dogs in particular are social animals,” Goldfarb said. “Having them indoors as part of the family is going to be better for their overall health.”</p><p>However, if your pet has to remain outside for any period of time, there are some simple measures that you can take to make their habitat more comfortable. </p><p>Keeping your dog’s outdoor shelter elevated and dry, as well as adding insulation such as hay or straw, will provide extra protection from the cold. Avoid blankets and towels, because they absorb moisture and can create a damp environment.</p><p>If you really want to spoil your pet this winter, a heated pet bed can help a dog or cat stay toasty. Throw in a high-tech heated water bowl, and transform your pet’s winter shelter into a luxury hotel. </p><h4>Precautions</h4><p>Take caution when using space heaters, because curious pets can get too close and risk getting burned. Toxic fluids in the garage, such as antifreeze, can be enticing to dogs because of their sweet scent, and are hazardous if ingested. Make sure they are kept out of reach.</p><p>Cats are resourceful and good at finding warm places to snuggle. However, they have been known to crawl into warm car engines, so make sure to bang on your hood a few times before leaving for work on those chilly days.</p><h4>Importance of exercise</h4><p>Just like people, animals need regular exercise and good nutrition, even during winter months. “Lack of exercise can be a problem when it gets cold,” Goldfarb said. “It’s not necessarily the dog’s lack of motivation, but some people find it hard to get up and take their dog outside when it’s cold.”</p><p>Walking or running with your dog can be fun, but as always, be careful for signs of exhaustion, such as heavy breathing and increased salivation. Although some dogs love to play in the snow, they can become disoriented, so keep your eye on them at all times. If your dog is not blessed with a lot of protective fur, or is elderly, a dog coat or sweater is the answer for those chilly strolls. </p><p>Whether you are running or walking with your dog, especially in urban areas, keep in mind that salt and chemical agents that are used for melting ice can <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2108" target="_blank">irritate paws</a>. A layer of petroleum jelly applied before a walk will provide protection, but make sure to check periodically for rock salt, gravel, or anything else that can get lodged between the toes or paws. You can purchase booties made especially for dogs at most pet retailers.  They’ll keep your dog’s paws warm and safe from the gravel and salt.</p><p>The Humane Society also recommends varying your pet’s routine by learning some indoor games that can not only fulfill their exercise requirement, but also provide some mental stimulation.</p><p>Lastly, keep in mind that your own mood can affect your pets. Dogs and cats pick up cues from us, and if you are blue during the winter months, your pet may reflect your behavior. So do your best to stay warm, healthy, and happy as you maintain your pets’ health this winter. </p><br />By Tom Kent for WebVet By Tom Kent for WebVet Pet Health Cruciate ligament injury in dogs: treatment options http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2132 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2132">Cruciate ligament injury in dogs: treatment options</a><br /><p>In dogs, as in people, the knee joint is a frequent site of injury. In fact, <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=116&med=1" target="_blank">tearing</a> (or "rupture,'' as it's technically called) of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is the most common orthopedic injury in dogs. The good news is that there are a number of surgical procedures that -- together with good post-operative care and rehabilitation -- can restore function to the ruptured ligament and return your dog to "active duty.''</p><h4>Understanding the CCL</h4><p>A dog's rear knee joint (or "stifle joint,'' as it's called in veterinary lingo) is a complex piece of bioengineering, no less so than its human counterpart. You can think of it as nature's solution to the problem of connecting the femur, or thighbone, to the tibia, the large bone of the lower leg. A system of ligaments links the two bones so that they can function as a unit. A cushion of cartilage called the meniscus prevents the bottom of the femur from rubbing directly against the top -- or plateau -- of the tibia.</p><p>The CCL prevents the tibia from sliding forward, away from the femur, when a force is applied to the leg. If the CCL is torn, the stability of the joint is compromised and l<a href="http://webvet.com/main/article/id/105/med/1" target="_blank" title="Limping and lameness in dogs">ameness</a> results, accompanied by pain. Left untreated, CCL can cause irreversible <a href="http://webvet.com/main/article?id=73&med=1" target="_blank" title="arthritis in dogs">arthritis</a>, which will eventually result in permanent damage to the joint, worsening pain, and lameness. </p><h4>What's the cause of CCL rupture?</h4><p>CCL rupture can be chronic or acute in its origin. <a href="http://www.amcny.org/doctor/cv/Schwartz.aspx?tid=797" target="_blank">Pamela Schwartz, FACVS</a>, staff surgeon at the <a href="http://www.amcny.org" target="_blank">Animal Medical Center in New York</a>, explains: "A chronic rupture of the CCL is typically the end result of a number of degenerative changes to the stifle joint. Over time, these changes cause the CCL to fray or loosen, which will eventually lead to a partial or complete tearing of the ligament.'' </p><p><a href="http://webvet.com/main/article?id=76&med=1" target="_blank" title="Obesity in dogs">Obesity</a> and certain anatomical abnormalities of the leg or knee joint may predispose some dogs to CCL rupture. Chronic CCL rupture is more common than the acute variety.</p><p>An acute rupture usually results from a sudden, severe twisting of the joint as may happen, for example, if the dog steps in a hole while running or turns while its paw is fixed in position. This results in a sudden hyperextension and internal rotation of the leg. An acute CCL rupture can also occur when a dog jumps and the force exerted on the CCL is just too much for the ligament to bear.</p><p>Certain factors place a dog at increased risk of CCL rupture:</p><ul><li>Being of a large or giant breed, such as <a href="http://webvet.com/breeds/show/id/306" target="_blank" title="Rottweiler breed information">Rottweilers</a>, <a href="http://webvet.com/breeds/show/id/263" target="_blank" title="Labrador Retriever breed information">Labrador Retrievers</a>, and <a href="http://webvet.com/breeds/show/id/241" target="_blank" title="Golden Retriever breed information">Golden Retrievers</a></li><li>Obesity</li><li>"Weekend warriors'', i.e. dogs who -- like their owners -- are sedentary most of the time, with intermittent periods of intense athletic activity, may be at increased risk, according to some studies. </li></ul><h4>Signs of CCL rupture: what to look for</h4><p>The signs and symptoms of CCL rupture in dogs vary depending on whether the rupture is acute or chronic, partial or complete. In the case of an acute CCL rupture, circumstances and your dog's behavior will usually tell you that there's a problem. Lameness may be subtle and only evident when the dog is engaged in vigorous activity; in the case of a complete rupture of the ligament, the dog may be unable to bear any weight on the affected limb.</p><p>Your vet can make a definitive diagnosis of CCL rupture by palpation (physical manipulation) of the affected limb, x-ray, and range-of-motion examination. She or he will also make sure to rule out other possible causes of lameness, such as fractures, tendon rupture, as well as a number of other orthopedic conditions. </p><h4>Treatment: Surgical and non-surgical options</h4><p>In the case of small dogs (under 20 lbs.), Schwartz explains that a non-surgical approach is sometimes sufficient. She recommends conservative management for these dogs for a roughly one-month period, with surgery reserved for those who have not improved. If the dog is kept completely inactive during that time, enough scar tissue may be produced within the joint to provide adequate stabilization. However, surgery is recommended for all dogs weighing more than 20 lbs. </p><p>The two most common surgical procedures are the TPLO and the TTA:</p><ul><li>TPLO, or Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy, is a procedure in which the top of the tibia -- which ordinarily is sloped sharply downward -- is leveled. This prevents the femur, which is normally held in place by the now-torn CCL, from sliding downward and forward. Without that sliding, the knee joint is stabilized even though the CCL is still torn. A metal bone plate is attached with screws to allow healing.</li><li>TTA, or Tibial Tuberosity Advancement, is a procedure in which a portion of the tibia is cut, thrust forward, and fixed in place with a metal plate and screws. The result is that the downward-forward force of the femur is now opposed by the repositioned upper portion of the tibia.</li></ul><h4>Other surgical procedures</h4><p>Both TPLO and TTA are extracapsular surgical techniques. This means that the surgeon does not have to go inside the knee joint -- or capsule -- itself. With intracapsular techniques, the surgeon stabilizes the knee by going inside the capsule and replacing the ruptured CCL with a graft of either synthetic material or with tissue taken from elsewhere in the dog's body. There are a number of intracapsular procedures referred to as "Over-the-top," "Under-and-over," as well as arthroscopic procedures. </p><p>In the case of smaller dogs, another surgical option, called lateral imbrication, which involves the use of sutures to stabilize a ruptured CCL, may provide good results. </p><h4>Which surgical procedure is right for my dog? </h4><p>The number and variety of procedures for the surgical treatment of CCL rupture can present the dog owner with a difficult choice. How do you know what the correct procedure is for your dog?</p><p>Which procedure is best is a matter that even experienced veterinary surgeons disagree about. However, some generalizations are possible: </p><ul><li>TPLO is a more surgically challenging procedure than TTA and has a longer "learning curve" for the surgeon;</li><li>In medium to large or very active dogs, both TPLO and TTA are preferable to intracapsular procedures;</li><li>If the slope of the tibial plateau is excessive, TPLO is preferable;</li><li>TTA is a more recently developed procedure than TPLO, and so has less of a long-term `track record;'</li><li>TPLO and TTA are more expensive than lateral imbrication;</li><li>Which procedure a surgeon recommends is usually a matter of the surgeon's professional experience, training, and personal preference.</li></ul><p>Most importantly of all: when properly performed by a qualified veterinary surgeon, all of the various techniques generally have excellent outcomes. Schwartz advises dog owners to seek out a surgeon certified as a "Diplomate" by the <a href="http://acvs.org" target="_blank">American College of Veterinary Surgeons</a> (ACVS). The ACVS maintains a <a href="http://www.acvs.org/AboutTheACVS/DiplomateDirectory/" target="_blank">'Diplomate Search</a> feature on its Web site, making the task of finding a qualified specialist much easier. Ask the surgeon about his or her experience with this type of injury. </p><p>The bottom line: choose the surgeon, not the surgery!</p><br />By Peter Lopatin for WebVet By Peter Lopatin for WebVet Pet Health Understanding the fine print in pet insurance policies http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2131 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2131">Understanding the fine print in pet insurance policies</a><br /><p><a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2109">Pet insurance</a> is making veterinary care more affordable and accessible for many Americans. However, some customers feel that they have been "bitten'' by the fine print.</p><p>As a record number of claims are being paid in the burgeoning pet insurance industry, consumers are also issuing complaints. Some of the most common are assertions by policyholders that claims are being denied due to misleading practices by their pet insurance companies.</p><h4>Not always a good experience </h4><p>"It was a horrible experience,'' said Vin Menon of his former pet insurance company's claims procedure. "The sales team painted a pretty picture and told me everything I wanted to hear, but dealing with the claims department was a much different story.''</p><p>Shortly after purchasing coverage for his four-month-old Great Dane, Sophie, the dog began vomiting frequently, necessitating a trip to the emergency room. Menon then paid roughly $3,000 for two days of testing to determine that Sophie "may'' have gastroenteritis. Although the dog would recover without treatment, Menon's battle to be reimbursed by his pet insurance company was just beginning.</p><h4>Different from health insurance</h4><p>Unlike health insurance, which most Americans are familiar with, all pet insurance companies operate on a "reimbursement'' model in which the customer pays 100 percent of costs upfront before submitting the claim. Many policyholders find the forms confusing, although insurers contend that the process is simple. But entering a wrong code, for example, can result in a claim being delayed, or in some cases, denied.</p><p>Although Menon completed his paperwork satisfactorily, two months later he would be shocked to that learn that his claim was rejected.</p><h4>Pre-existing conditions</h4><p>Because the emergency room listed gastroenteritis as a "possible'' cause for Sophie's illness, Menon's pet insurance company considered it a "pre-existing'' condition, which not all plans cover.</p><p>Although Sophie's registration papers mentioned that she had vomited in the past like all puppies do, there was no documentation by any veterinarian that the dog suffered from the condition.</p><p>"I thought that they were going to cover 90 percent,'' Menon said. "They made it sound simple on the phone when I bought the plan, but they were looking for a loophole so they wouldn't have to pay.''</p><h4>Poor customer service</h4><p>After dealing with his pet insurance company's "apathetic'' claims department and getting many different and confusing explanations, Menon gave up on being reimbursed and cancelled his policy.</p><p>"It would take forever to just to get someone on the phone,'' Menon said. "Each time I would have to tell the whole story over again and then I would get a different explanation. It was exhausting.''</p><p>Although bitter and jaded by the whole experience, Menon still believes his dog should be insured and after doing extensive research, bought another policy through a different company - yet he remains skeptical.</p><h4>Overcoming stereotypes</h4><p>Just like in any industry, pet insurance companies rely greatly on reputation and word of mouth to create and maintain new business. Reputable insurers are constantly challenged to overcome negative stereotypes fostered by some of their competitors.</p><p>Straightforward, easy-to-read policies, and honest, informative customer service will no doubt be important factors in changing negative perceptions.</p><p>"The biggest challenge we face today is to overcome any negative notions having to do with past pet insurance companies,'' said Darren Defeo, Senior Vice President of <a href="http://www.trupanionpetinsurance.com/" target="_blank">Trupanion</a>, a pet insurance company. "The best thing we can do is to be up front and transparent about how our policy works.'' </p><p>So if you're considering health insurance for your pet, be sure to read the fine print and ensure the policy in question is the best option for both you and your pet. </p><br />By Tom Kent for WebVet By Tom Kent for WebVet Pet Health Pet insurance for puppies and kittens http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2120 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2120">Pet insurance for puppies and kittens</a><br /><p>The time to start thinking about <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2109" target="_blank">pet insurance</a> for your dog or cat is before it needs medical care, mostly likely when it's a puppy or kitten. </p><p>Insuring animals while they are young and healthy can eliminate substantial veterinary costs that can be incurred throughout the life of a pet. However, it is a decision that should be made early in your pet is a puppy or a kitten to avoid some of the exclusions common in the pet insurance industry. </p><p>“If you plan to insure your pet at all, it is best to do it when the pet is as young as possible and before it’s had any medical conditions,” said Darren Defeo, senior vice president of <a href="http://www.trupanionpetinsurance.com/" target="_blank">Trupanion</a>, a Seattle-based pet insurance company. “No pet plans insure pre-existing conditions, that is, those that occur or show signs or symptoms before you get the plan.” </p><h4>Unique plan</h4><p>Trupanion is unique in that it insures only puppies and kittens between the ages of eight weeks and one year, and then provides lifetime coverage up to $20,000. Because pre-existing conditions are not a factor, the insurer is able to pass on savings to the consumer in the form of lower premiums. </p><p>Depending on the company, policies typically range from $24.00 to $37.00 per month for puppies and $14.00 to $24.00 per month for kittens. However, since the cost of veterinary care differs from state to state, premiums vary depending on zip code. The degree of coverage also fluctuates with the carrier.</p><p>Not only can insurance pay dividends in the long run for some pet owners, but covering puppies and kittens can reap financial benefits early on as well. Like small children, young animals are prone to unsafe behavior such as swallowing objects, which can require expensive emergency medical care.</p><h4>Allergy costs</h4><p>Also, dogs and cats sometime develop allergies that require a lifetime’s worth of costly medication. That medication could cost as much as $200 per month, and over the life of a pet can add up to more than $20,000. With pet insurance, that same medication would cost roughly $20 per month less any deductibles.</p><p>Although the savings can be substantial when insurance is purchased for a young animal, some pet owners wait until their pet is in need of medical care before they consider insurance. That can lead to a difficult financial decision that can compromise the health of a pet.</p><p>“The majority of people wait until it’s too late to get insurance,” Defeo said. “They wait until they have a $5,000 surgery or until their pet has those allergies that cost $200 a month to treat. Unfortunately, those things that occur before they get the insurance will not be covered.”</p><h4>Changing trends</h4><p>Unlike human health or car insurance, which are standard expenditures in most U.S. budgets, pet insurance is still not a staple for most pet owners. However, as the industry continues to grow, more pet owners are realizing the benefits of insuring their new additions.</p><p>“Most people in the United States and Canada have yet to hear about pet insurance or accept it as a customary practice,” Defeo added. “So many of them don’t look into it until they realize just how expensive veterinary treatment can be.” </p><br />By Tom Kent for WebVet By Tom Kent for WebVet Pet Health Pain management for dogs with arthritis http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2135 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2135">Pain management for dogs with arthritis</a><br /><p><strong>Q: My dog has arthritis. Are there any medications that can help ease the pain?</strong></p><p><br />A. Dr. Susan Aiello, DVM <br />Arthritis is very common in dogs.  Just like in people, arthritis becomes more common in dogs as they age.  Arthritis is an inflammation of the joint(s), and in most cases, it is caused by a degenerative process of wear and tear as the years go by.</p><p>No medication can stop the arthritic process.  But fortunately, both prescription and over-the-counter medications are available to help make dogs with arthritis much more comfortable.  Check with your regular veterinarian for the appropriate medication and dosage for your dog.  Certain medications should not be used together or when a pet has another condition that might preclude their use.  Because your vet is familiar with your dog’s medical history and other medications, he or she can provide you with the best and safest recommendation for medication for arthritis.</p><p>There are other things you can do to help minimize your dog’s discomfort, as well as the amount of medication needed.  Most important is keeping your dog at a healthy weight.  Signs of arthritis, such as morning stiffness, are typically much worse in overweight or obese dogs because of the increased stress on the joints.</p><p>You can also help keep your dog comfortable by keeping its environment warm and providing thick, padded bedding materials so that it is not laying directly on a hard or cold surface.</p><p>In addition, many dogs also enjoy a gentle muscle massage over the affected joints to increase blood flow to the area, keep it warm, and encourage movement.</p><p> </p><br />By Dr. Susan Aiello, DVM By Dr. Susan Aiello, DVM Pet Health Top 10 holiday pet hazards: What to know http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2113 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2113">Top 10 holiday pet hazards: What to know</a><br /><p>Winter holidays are a busy time for the nation's vets. That's because holiday pet hazards overlooked by busy owners can spell disaster for your dog, cat or other pets. </p><p>Even if you're the ultra-careful type, keep the contact number for your vet handy, suggested Jim Cook, DVM, the president of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), and a practicing veterinarian in Lebanon, Ky. </p><p>Next, check how savvy you are about the top 10 holiday pet hazards -- and how to reduce the risks.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #1: Chocolate </h4><p>Any chocolate is off-limits for pets. "Baker's chocolate is the most [toxic]," Cook said. The darker the chocolate, the more dangerous it is to pets. Theobromine and caffeine are the <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=1870" target="_blank">toxic ingredients</a>.</p><h4>Holiday hazard # 2: The tree</h4><p>Curious dogs may sniff and paw and pull the tree over on themselves; cats like to get up and try out this strange indoor tree. </p><p>Anchor it, Cook said. You can use wire to secure the top of the tree; then run the wire up to the ceiling or the wall and secure it.</p><p>Watch out, too, for the tree preservative often put in the water around the tree trunk, so your dog or cat doesn't lap it up. It can cause gastrointestinal problems.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #3: Seasonal plants</h4><p>Poinsettias get the bad rap as the most poisonous, when actually they are fairly low on the toxic scale. But eating them may still cause some gastrointestinal upset, according to the journal <em>Veterinary Technician</em>. </p><p>Other problematic holiday <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=19&med=1" target="_blank">plants to keep out of reach</a>: Christmas cactus, mistletoe, holly, cedar, balsam and pine.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #4: Table scraps</h4><p>Rich, fatty foods are often holiday favorites, but they can result in life-threatening <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=147&med=1" target="_blank">pancreatitis</a>, Cook said. Anything salty, spicy or greasy qualifies. Bones from chicken or turkey can splinter in the stomach. Keep table scraps out of reach, and be sure the garbage isn't accessible to your pet.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #5: Ornaments</h4><p>Tinsel can be too fascinating for a cat to pass up as a snack. Small decorations hanging low on the tree can be gobbled by both dogs and cats, and intestinal blockage can result.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #6: Holiday cheer</h4><p>Slipping a dog, cat or other pet alcoholic beverages to see how they act when inebriated isn't funny, and could be very dangerous, Cook said. "It can make them very sick, with vomiting and diarrhea."</p><h4>Holiday hazard #7: Dangerous foods </h4><p>Certain foods on the dangerous list all year may be more plentiful around the holidays – or your guard may be down. Be sure your pet has no access to coffee grounds, grapes, raisins, onions, chewing gum or mints with Xylitol. This sweetener, also used in baked goods and candy, is associated with liver failure and death in dogs, according to the AVMA.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #8: Socially shy pets</h4><p>Some pets simply aren't comfortable around a lot of people. Some get scared, others get hostile. </p><p>Whatever way your pet's party-shy personality tends to turn, put it in a spare bedroom with food and water, out of the way of guests, Cook suggested.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #9: Escape artists</h4><p>Pets "can be like little kids," Cook says. "They like to get out, too." So you've got company--maybe guests who aren't used to keeping track of pets--and someone leaves the door open and out they go.</p><p>Besides alerting guests to your furry escape artists, "make sure you have a way of finding your pet," Cook said.  That means either a microchip, or at the least, a rabies tag or ID tag with your contact information, the vet's contact information, or both.</p><h4>Holiday hazard #10: Aluminum foil</h4><p>Crumpled up, with food sticking to it, aluminum foil can be irresistible to a pet. If swallowed, though, it can cause puncture wounds in the gastrointestinal tract, Cook said. </p><p>The holidays can be a busy and stressful time, but it's also a time to reconnect with your family, friends, and of course, pets. So be sure to take the proper precautions to ensure everyone has a safe and happy holiday season.</p><br />By Kathleen Doheny for WebVet By Kathleen Doheny for WebVet Pet Health A Thanksgiving meal for dogs http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2117 <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=2117">A Thanksgiving meal for dogs</a><br /><p>The Thanksgiving holiday is a time to celebrate the blessings of the season with family and friends. With a bounty of home-cooked food in your home, you may be tempted to share a few tasty treats with your canine companion, too. After all, who can resist a dog’s soulful eyes begging for just one little gobble-full of turkey? Wafting aromas of hot baked sweet potatoes, herb-filled stuffing, or spicy pumpkin pie are much too alluring for even the best-behaved pet to pass up. <br /><br />But hold off feeding your dog from the Thanksgiving table. Veterinary experts warn that many of the traditional holiday recipes for people are dangerous to your dog’s health.  According to the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, feeding dogs large quantities of a new food, as well as fatty foods, such as turkey gravy, mashed potatoes with butter, and dressing, can cause <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=147&med=1" target="_blank">pancreatitis</a>. This potentially deadly inflammation of the pancreas produces severe symptoms of <a href="http://webvet.com/main/article?id=195&med=1" target="_blank" title="Vomiting and diarrhea in dogs">diarrhea or vomiting</a>. </p><p>Forget giving your dog a holiday bone, too. Cooked turkey, duck, geese, and other bird bones are extremely dangerous to dogs. Cooked bones splinter and break easily, possibly causing sharp pieces to tear the intestines. A bone could pass by itself, but more often it becomes lodged in the dog’s throat, which could cause choking, or it could possibly cause an intestinal obstruction. Both situations require emergency veterinary attention and likely surgery. Eliminate turkey skin as well. It’s hard to digest and high in fat, and the seasoning used to baste the poultry skin could give your dog an upset stomach. </p><p>Desserts are also off-limits. <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=19&med=1" target="_blank">Chocolate</a> can be fatal to dogs because it contains theobromine, which can increase your dog’s heart rate and cause hyperactivity, increased panting, twitching, diarrhea, and vomiting. Even sugar-free items that contain <a href="http://webvet.com/main/article?id=1870" target="_blank" title="Xylitol dangerous to dogs">xylitol</a> can be dangerous, causing stomach or intestinal irritation.   </p><p>Beware of <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=1870" target="_blank">onions</a>, too! These popular Thanksgiving ingredients used in stuffing, vegetable dishes, and some salads can cause life-threatening <a href="http://www.webvet.com/main/article?id=153&med=1" target="_blank">anemia</a> when a dog ingests large amounts.   </p><h4>Healthy Thanksgiving treats for your dog</h4><p>If you must share your Thanksgiving meal with your dog, do it safely with the following healthy foods, rather than feeding it directly from the table. Resist giving in to those pleading canine faces by adding a few things in your dog’s bowl before you sit down to dine. When your dog is full, it’s less likely to bother you. </p><p>For a dog who’s accustomed to eating commercial dry dog food, feeding a bowlful of fresh treats all at once is almost certain to cause intestinal upset. Instead, feed small amounts at different meals. </p><p>Here are a few healthy Thanksgiving choices for dogs:</p><ul><li>White meat turkey without the skin</li><li>Plain baked or sweet potatoes without the skin</li><li>Steamed carrots, broccoli, or string beans without any butter, sauce or seasoning</li><li>Salt-free canned chicken broth</li><li>Plain canned pumpkin, but not the pumpkin pie filling</li><li>Sliced raw apples</li></ul><h4>Safe cleanup</h4><p>Thanksgiving leftovers can also be dangerous to your canine companion and should be stored or discarded out of paw’s reach. Turkey bones, the string used to tie the poultry legs together, and the carcass itself can be lethal to your dog if eaten. </p><h4>Cook a canine feast</h4><p>Want to bake a healthy Thanksgiving treat for your dog? Try some sweet potato cookies from "The Ultimate Dog Treat Cookbook," by Liz Palika. </p><p>Mix together:</p><ul><li>2 cups diced sweet potato, cooked until very tender</li><li>1-l/4 cups whole wheat flour</li><li>1 cup warm water</li><li>2 large eggs</li><li>1 2.5-ounce jar turkey baby food</li></ul><p>Drop by teaspoonfuls onto a greased cookie sheet. Bake at 350 degrees for 20-25 minutes or until golden brown. Remove from oven and cool thoroughly before serving. Store in an airtight container in the refrigerator.</p><p> There’s no reason why your dog can’t join in the festivities – just make sure that you feed it safe treats, and everyone will be happy.</p><br />By Elaine Waldorf Gewirtz for WebVet By Elaine Waldorf Gewirtz for WebVet Pet Health